PSG has now claimed the season-opening trophy on fourteen different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a dramatic leveler followed by a successful penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The Champions League holders appeared to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the showdown featuring the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele found the net in the opening stages.
However, the southern French side fired twice late to take a shock advantage. First, Mason Greenwood scored from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of events, Goncalo Ramos snatched a vital equaliser in the final seconds to send the contest into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then stood as the key figure, saving decisive attempts from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all converted with composure for PSG to complete a 4-1 penalty win.
The record champions PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now won this competition for the 12th time in the past thirteen years.